BIOLOGY: A GLOBAL
APPROACH
Campbell, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Orr
Nederlandse samenvatting
MICHELLE WARMERDAM
12e druk
Pearson, 2020
Inleiding
Dit document is een samenvatting van het boek Biology: A Global Approach, de 12e druk. Ik ben
begonnen van het schrijven van deze samenvatting eind juni 2020 en ik hem deze gebaseerd op de
door mij geschreven Nederlandse samenvatting van de 10e druk. In deze versie van de samenvatting
heb ik feedback verwerkt die ik heb mogen ontvangen in de afgelopen jaren dat mijn samenvatting op
Stuvia heeft gestaan. Er zit ontzettend veel tijd in deze samenvatting en ik ben trots op het
eindresultaat. Ik vraag je dan ook deze samenvatting volgens de richtlijnen van Stuvia te gebruiken
en niet te delen met anderen.
Deze samenvatting geeft in het Nederlands uitgebreid weer wat er in dit boek beschreven staat. In de
samenvatting worden geen afbeeldingen gebruikt (wegens auteursrechten) en wordt er verwezen
naar figuren en tabellen uit het boek. Ik raad dan ook aan het boek erbij te houden want, ook al
verwijs ik er niet altijd naar, de afbeeldingen ondersteunen de tekst vaak erg goed. Daarnaast laat ik
de voorbeelden die in het boek beschrijven staan, (bijna altijd) uit de samenvatting. Deze zijn namelijk
door de schrijvers van het boek ondersteunend bedoeld en geven vaak geen nieuwe informatie. De
samenvatting kan uiteraard gebruikt worden in combinatie met andere versies van het boek, alleen
zal dan de nummering van hoofdstukken, paragrafen, figuren of tabellen niet altijd kloppen.
Ik heb de originele Engelse benaming van de hoofdstukken en paragrafen behouden. De rest van de
samenvatting is echter volledig in het Nederlands. Deze samenvatting is dan ook een goede
ondersteuning voor studenten die het (soms) lastig vinden om door de Engelse teksten in het boek
heen te komen.
Ik heb een mindmap gemaakt die het overzicht van het hele boek geeft in één afbeelding. Dit helpt je
de opbouw van het boek begrijpen. Het eerste hoofdstuk is niet verwerkt in deze mindmap, deze is
namelijk overkoepelend voor het hele boek.
Ik wens je ontzettend veel succes en plezier met het lezen en bestuderen van deze samenvatting!
Inhoud
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Biology and its themes ........................................................................................................ 11
1.1 The study of life reveals common themes .................................................................................. 11
1.2 The core theme: evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life ........................................ 14
1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses ............................................................. 16
1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints ..................................... 18
Chapter 2: Atoms and molecules .......................................................................................................... 19
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds ..... 19
2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms.................................................... 19
between atoms .................................................................................................................................. 20
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds ................................................................ 21
Chapter 3: The chemistry of water ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding ........................................ 22
3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life .................................. 22
3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms .................................................................... 24
Chapter 4: Carbon: the basis of molecular diversity ............................................................................. 25
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds ................................................................ 25
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms .............................. 25
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function ................................................................. 26
Chapter 5: Biological macromolecules and lipids ................................................................................. 27
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers ................................................................. 27
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material ..................................................................... 27
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules ................................................................. 28
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions........................ 29
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information ..................................... 31
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications ...................... 32
Chapter 6: Energy and life .................................................................................................................... 33
6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy ......................................................... 33
.......................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions ................. 34
6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers ......................................... 35
6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism ............................................................ 37
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function .................................................................................................. 38
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells ........................................ 38
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions ..................... 38
ribosomes .......................................................................................................................................... 40
cell ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another .................................. 42
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell ........ 44
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities .... 45
7.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts .................................................................................... 46
Chapter 8: Cell membranes .................................................................................................................. 47
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins...................................................... 47
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability ................................................................. 48
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment .. 49
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients ....................................... 49
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis ................ 50
Chapter 9: Cellular signaling ................................................................................................................. 51
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell ....................................................... 51
9.2 Signal reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape ........... 51
molecules in the cell .......................................................................................................................... 53
9.4 Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities .. 54
9.5 Apoptosis requires integration of multiple cell-signaling pathways ............................................. 55
Chapter 10: Cell respiration .................................................................................................................. 56
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic flues ..................................................... 56
10.2 Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by oxidizing glycose to pyruvate ...................................... 57
organic molecules ............................................................................................................................. 58
.......................................................................................................................................................... 59
oxygen ............................................................................................................................................... 61
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways ...................... 62
Chapter 11: Photosynthetic processes ................................................................................................. 63
11.1 Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere ......................................................................................... 63
11.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food ...................................... 63
11.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH ............. 64
11.4 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar ....... 66
11.5 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates ......................... 67
11.6 Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review .............................................................. 68
Chapter 12: Mitosis ............................................................................................................................... 69
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells ............................................... 69
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle .................................................. 69
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system ...................................... 71
Chapter 13: Sexual life cycles and meiosis .......................................................................................... 73
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes .......................................... 73
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles ............................................................ 73
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid ............................... 74
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution ................................. 75
Chapter 14: Mendelian genetics ........................................................................................................... 76
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance .................................. 76
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance ......................................................................... 77
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics ... 77
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance .................................................... 79
Chapter 15: Linkage and chromosomes ............................................................................................... 81
15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes ....................... 81
15.2 Sex linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance ........................................................... 81
same chromosome ............................................................................................................................ 82
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders ...................... 83
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance ........................ 84
Chapter 16: Nucleic acids and inheritance ........................................................................................... 85
16.1 DNA is the genetic material ...................................................................................................... 85
16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair ..................................................... 86
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins ............................ 88
Chapter 17: Expression of genes .......................................................................................................... 89
17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation .......................................................... 89
17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look .......................................... 90
17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription ........................................................................ 91
17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A closer look ............................... 92
17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function ...................... 94
Chapter 18: Control of gene expression ............................................................................................... 96
18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulation transcription ........................... 96
18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages......................................................... 97
18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression ........................................ 99
organism............................................................................................................................................ 99
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control ......................................... 101
Chapter 19: DNA technology .............................................................................................................. 103
inquiry .............................................................................................................................................. 103
19.2 Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function ................................. 105
19.3 Cloned organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications ........ 106
19.4 The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affect our lives in many ways ......... 107
Chapter 20: The evolution of genomes ............................................................................................... 109
Document Outline
Inleiding
Chapter 1: Biology and its themes
1.1 The study of life reveals common themes
1.2 The core theme: evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses
1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
Chapter 2: Atoms and molecules
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
2.3 The formation and function of molecules and ionic compounds depend on chemical bonding between atoms
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Chapter 3: The chemistry of water
3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life
3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
Chapter 4: Carbon: the basis of molecular diversity
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
Chapter 5: Biological macromolecules and lipids
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
Chapter 6: Energy and life
6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
7.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
Chapter 8: Cell membranes
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
Chapter 9: Cellular signaling
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell
9.2 Signal reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions transmit signals from receptors to relay molecules in the cell
9.4 Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
9.5 Apoptosis requires integration of multiple cell-signaling pathways
Chapter 10: Cell respiration
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic flues
10.2 Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by oxidizing glycose to pyruvate
10.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
10.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
10.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
Chapter 11: Photosynthetic processes
11.1 Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere
11.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
11.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
11.4 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
11.5 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
11.6 Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review
Chapter 12: Mitosis
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
Chapter 13: Sexual life cycles and meiosis
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
Chapter 14: Mendelian genetics
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
Chapter 15: Linkage and chromosomes
15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
15.2 Sex linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3 Linked genes tent to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance
Chapter 16: Nucleic acids and inheritance
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
Chapter 17: Expression of genes
17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look
17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A closer look
17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
Chapter 18: Control of gene expression
18.1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulation transcription
18.2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
18.3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
18.4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
Chapter 19: DNA technology
19.1 DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological inquiry
19.2 Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function
19.3 Cloned organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications
19.4 The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affect our lives in many ways
Chapter 20: The evolution of genomes
20.1 The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
20.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
20.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
20.4 Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families
20.5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
20.6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
Chapter 21: How evolution works
21.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
21.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
21.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
Chapter 22: Phylogenetic reconstruction
22.1 Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
22.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
22.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
22.4 An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome
22.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
22.6 Our understanding of the tree of life continues to change based on new data
Chapter 23: Microevolution
23.1 Genetic variation makes evolution possible
23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
23.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
Chapter 24: Species and speciation
24.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
24.3 hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
Chapter 25: Macroevolution
25.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
25.2 The fossil record documents the history of life
25.3 Key events in life’s history include the origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms and the colonization of land
25.4 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
25.5 Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
25.6 Evolution is not goal oriented
Chapter 26: Introduction to viruses
26.1 A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
26.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells
26.3 Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
Chapter 27: Prokaryotes
27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans
Chapter 28: The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes
28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms
28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella
28.3 The “SAR” clade is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities
28.4 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants
28.5 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
28.6 Protists play key roles in ecological communities
Chapter 29: Nonvascular and seedless vascular plants
29.1 Plants evolved from green algae
29.2 Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
Chapter 30: Seed plants
30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptions for life on land
30.2 Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones
30.3 The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
30.4 Human welfare depends on seed plants
Chapter 31: Introduction to Fungi
31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles
31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
32.2 The history of animals spans more than half a billion years
32.3 Animals can be characterized by body plans
32.4 Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data
Chapter 33: Invertebrates
33.1 Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
33.3 Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
33.4 Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group
33.5 Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
Chapter 34: Vertebrates
34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
34.2 Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone
34.3 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
34.4 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
34.5 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
34.6 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
34.7 Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
Chapter 35: Plant structure and growth
35.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
35.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
35.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body
Chapter 36: Transport in vascular plants
36.1 Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
36.2 Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
36.3 Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem
36.4 the rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
36.5 Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
36.6 The symplast is highly dynamic
Chapter 37: Plant nutrition
37.1 Soil contains a living, complex ecosystem
37.2 Plant roots absorb many types of essential elements from the soil
37.3 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
Chapter 38: Reproduction of flowering plants
38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are key features of the angiosperm life cycle
38.2 Flowering plant reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
38.3 People modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering
Chapter 39: Plant signals and behavior
39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response
39.2 Plants use chemicals to communicate
39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success
39.4 Plants responds to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
39.5 Plants respond to attacks by pathogens and herbivores
Chapter 40: The animal body
40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
40.2 Feedback and control maintains the international environment in many animals
40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function and behavior
40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment
Chapter 41: Chemical signals in animals
41.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
41.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone pathways
41.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and behavior
Chapter 42: Animal digestive systems
42.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
42.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
42.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
42.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
42.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite
Chapter 43: Animal transport systems
43.1: Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
43.4 Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
43.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs
43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
Chapter 44: Animal Excretory Systems
44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes
44.2 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat
44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure
Chapter 45: Animal reproductive systems
45.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
45.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs at the same species
45.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
45.4 The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
45.5 In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother’s uterus
Chapter 46: Development in Animals
46.1 Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic development
46.2 Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival
46.3 Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals regulate cell fate
Chapter 47: Animal defenses against infection
47.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
47.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
47.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
47.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
Chapter 48: Electrical Signals in Animals
48.1 Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
Chapter 49: Neural regulation in animals
49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
49.5 Many nervous system disorders can be explained in molecular terms
Chapter 50: Sensation and movement in animals
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
50.2 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles
50.3 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
50.4 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
Chapter 51: An overview of ecology
51.1 Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
51.2 The distribution of terrestrial biomes is controlled by climate and disturbance
51.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
51.4 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
51.5 Ecological change and evolution affect one another over long and short periods of time
Chapter 52: Behavioral ecology
52.1 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
52.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
52.3 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success scan explain diverse behaviors
52.4 Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior
Chapter 53: Populations and life history traits
53.1 Biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
52.2 The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
53.3 The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity
53.4 Life history traits are products of natural selection
53.5 Density-dependent factors regulate population growth
53.6 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
Chapter 54: Biodiversity and communities
54.1 Interactions between species can help, harm, or have no effect on the invidiuals involved
54.2 Diversity and trophic structure characterize biological communities
54.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
54.5 Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
Chapter 55: Energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
55.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
55.2 Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
55.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
55.4 Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
55.5 Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
Chapter 56: Conservation and global ecology
56.1 Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity
56.2 Population conservations focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
56.3 Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
56.4 Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
56.5 Subtainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
Bronnenlijst
Afbeeldingen
Literatuur
Home
Notificaties
Verdien geld
Inloggen
Registreren
Saldo: €
Aankopen
Verkoopstatistieken
Informatie
Instellingen
Uitloggen
Document rapporteren
Niet tevreden? Geld terug
Stuur bericht
Volgen
€ 15.99
340 pagina's
11 downloads
Facebook
Twitter
Instagram
- Nederlands
Actie: ontvang 10% korting bij aankoop van 3 of meer items!