BGZ2026 Lab training: Assignment for Paracetamol and Powerpoint for beaker glass experiment / Gezondheidswetenschappen

This document contains the assignment for the paracetamol study and the powerpoint and notes (text used during the presentation) for beaker glass experiment: all the documents for the 2 lab trainings you need!

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BGZ2026 The Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Presentation text (notes used during the presentation under the slides) + Powerpoint
of kinetics Lab training and the assignments for the paracetamol study
1. Lab training ‘’Clinical study drug-nutrient interaction (‘paracetamol study’)
2. Lab training kinetics – ‘’Beaker glass experiments’’
1. Lab training Paracetamol study
Report, practical “paracetamol study”
Group number: Tutorial number
Group 1, non-sober
Student names and student numbers
Paracetamol is a pain kil er, which mechanism of action is not fully elucidated yet. It
is effective when the concentration of paracetamol in the plasma exceeds a
threshold value (in humans, this is about 3 mg/L), than the concentration is in the
range of the therapeutic window. Paracetamol is metabolized by the liver. After
some time, the concentration drops below the minimal effective concentration
(MEC).
It is assumed, that the effect of paracetamol depends on the way of administration.
Research question addressed in the practical (try to be as accurate as possible):
Is taking a dose of 1000 mg of paracetamol to treat a headache in young adults
aged 18-25 years, more effective (has a larger Cmax and lower Tmax) when
taken sober with a waiting time of one hour before a meal or when taken after a
meal?

Hypothesis:
We expect that paracetamol wil be more effective to treat a headache when
taken sober, because the presence of food may delay the timing of absorption
(Burns et al., 2019). Acetaminophen absorption depends mostly on the rate at
which the stomach empties its contents into the small intestines. Absorption curves
and patterns of emptying of the stomach appear to be related: a delay in
emptying of the stomach into the intestines, causes a delay in plasma
concentration of acetaminophen. Conversely, a rapid increase was found at a
wave of gastric emptying. The various substrates of a meal (carbohydrates,
proteins and fats) have a different exit half-life, which is 20-30 minutes for carbs
and proteins and 90 minutes for fats. Fats leave the stomach relatively late,
because they float on the surface of the gastric contents. Because
acetaminophen is a lipophilic drug, the emptying of acetaminophen can also be
delayed, which can be an explanation of delayed absorption of drugs in the fed,
compared with the fasted state. Thus, simultaneous intake of food and
acetaminophen decreases C max, prolongs t max, and reduces systemic availability
of oral acetaminophen in healthy adults (Raffa, Pergolizzi, Taylor, Decker, &
Patrick, 2013).
For performing the statistical test, the following hypothesis H0 and H1 can be
formulated:
H0: A dose of 1000 mg of paracetamol is not more effective (has a larger Cmax
and lower Tmax) to treat a headache in young adults aged 18-25 years when
taken sober with a waiting time of one hour before a meal, than when taken after
a meal.
H1: A dose of 1000 mg of paracetamol is more effective (has a larger Cmax and
lower Tmax) to treat a headache in young adults aged 18-25 years when taken
sober with a waiting time of one hour before a meal, than when taken after a
meal.
Procedure:
A group of students is divided into two groups. The students of one group take 1 g
paracetamol on an empty stomach (the fasting group); the students of the other
group take 1 g paracetamol after breakfast (the breakfast group). At various times
after intake saliva samples are collected. In the saliva samples, the concentration of
paracetamol is determined by means of HPLC. It is assumed that the concentration of
paracetamol in the saliva equals that in blood plasma. A number of pharmacokinetic
parameters are determined, namely:
• The elimination rate constant (ke)
• Clearance (Cl / F)
• The volume of distribution (Vd / F)
• The maximal plasma paracetamol concentration (Cmax)
• The time at which Cmax is reached (tmax)
• the 'area under the curve’ (AUC)
Indicate how the group results will be evaluated and which statistical test you
would like to use (perform the test in excel):
The average and standard deviation from the data of the non-sober and sober
group wil be calculated. From here on the results wil be analyzed performing an
Independent Two Sample T-test for the separate variables. To get an indication
on whether to do an Independent Two Sample T-test based on equal variances
or unequal variances a Levene’s test has to be performed in SPSS. Al the other
statistical tests wil be performed in Excel.

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Specificaties

Niveau: Universiteit
School: Maastricht University
Opleiding: Gezondheidswetenschappen
Vaknaam: BGZ2026 The Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Document
Rubriek: Overige documenten
Gemaakt op: 26-01-2021
Type: .pdf
Pagina's: 20
Taal: Nederlands
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