BGZ2025
Training 3: Measuring physical activity and fitness
Presentation Powerpoint and text used during presentation
Group 6
3 tests:
1. 6-minute walk test
2. Chair sit-and-reach test
3. Trunk lift
Assignment 1: Validity
1.1 For each of the assigned tests:
a. What underlying construct or dimension of physical fitness does the test intend to
measure?
6-minute walk test
The 6-minute walk test is a submaximal exercise test in which the participant has to walk as
fast as they can during 6 minutes. The outcome measure is the distance that walked on a flat
hard underground. The test is used to asses the respondents performance ability. It evaluates
al systems that are involved during exercise, including the cardiovascular system, the
respiratory system and muscle metabolism. However, it does not provide specific information
on each of the individual mechanisms and organs involved in exercise. Another aspect of this
test that its participants usual y don’t achieve their maximal exercise capacity. But most daily
activities are performed at a submaximal level so the 6-minute walk test may reflect the
functional level of daily activities better (6).
Chair sit-and-reach test
The chair sit-and-reach test is a field test used to measure hamstring and low back flexibility.
This test is very important, because maintaining hamstrings and low back flexibility are
relevant for the prevention of acute and chronic musculoskeletal injuries, low back
problems, postural deviations, gait limitations and risk of fal ing (7). The participant who is
performing the test has to sit on a chair. It is important that the participant move forward until
he/ she is sitting near the front edge. The chair has to be placed against a wal for the stability
and safety during the test. The participant have to extend their leg of their own choice in the
front on their hip. While the participant is extending his/ her leg, the heel must be on the floor
and the ankle has to bent at 90 degrees. The participant has to inhale, and then as they
exhale, reach forward toward the toes by slowly bend forward at the hip joint. It is important
to keep the spine as straight as possible, the head up, the knee straight and hold the reach
for 2 seconds. The ‘reached score’ is the distance between the fingertips and the toes. If the
fingertips touch the toes then the score is zero. If the fingertips do not touch the toes then the
distance between the fingertips and toes is a negative score. If the fingertips reached
beyond the toes, then it is a plus score (7).
Trunk lift
The trunk lift test is also known as the trunk endurance test. This test assesses the absolute
extension flexibility of the trunk. The participant performing the test has to lay down on their
belly on an exercise mat. They then have to lift their head and chest of the mat as fat as they
can go, without hyperextending the head. The head should be kept in line with the spine and
the hips have to stay secured onto the mat. Then, the space between the participants head
and the mat is measured. So, the distance between the head and the mat is the outcome
measure (8).
b. What does the validity of this test mean? (if applicable, explain in terms of content,
construct and criterion validity)
6-minute walk test
The overal validity of the 6-minute walk test is determined by three different types of validity:
content-related validity, criterion-related validity, and construct-related validity. When this
test fulfil s the criteria of the content- related validity it means that the test adequately reflects
the construct, performance ability in this case. Content-related validity reflects on the
instrument itself, if the overal impression of the instrument is good, this test complies with
content validity. For the content-related validity, it is important that the measurements
performed during the test accurately reflect the outcome measure. When this test fulfil s the
criteria of the criterion-related validity it means that the outcome measure predicts future
performance ability. The outcome measure of the 6-min walk test should be comparable to
the outcome measurement of the golden standard. The golden standard is the best
available test which most accurately reflects performance ability in this case. When the 6-
minute walk test complies to the criteria of the construct-related validity it shows that the test
measures the underlying mechanism of performance ability. For example the cardiovascular
system, respiratory system and the muscle metabolism (2,3,6)).
Chair-sit and reach test
The overal validity of the chair-sit-and-reach test is established by three different types of
validity: content-related validity, criterion-related validity, and construct-related validity.
When the chair-sit and reach test attains the criteria of the content-validity it means that the
test adequately reflects the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings, this type of validity
reflects on the instrument itself. It is important for the content-related validity that the
outcome measure (distance between fingertips and toes) reflects the flexibility of the
hamstrings and the lower back. For the criterion-related validity, the measurements
performed during test should accurately reflect the outcome measure. In this case, it means
that the distance between the fingertips and the toes predicts future flexibility (in the
hamstrings and low back). The outcome measure of the chair-sit-and-reach test should be
comparable to the outcome measurement of the golden standard. The chair-sit-and-reach
test complies with the construct-related validity, when it measures the underlying mechanisms
of the flexibility in the hamstrings and low back. For example the movement and motor
control impairments as underlying mechanisms (2,3,7).
Trunk-lift test
The overal validity of the trunk-lift test is determined by the three different types of validity:
content-related validity, criterion-related validity, and construct-related validity. For the
content-related validity it is important the instrument itself correctly reflects the construct of
measurement, which is in this case extension flexibility of the trunk. The outcome measure of
the test (distance between head and exercise mat) has to adequately reflect on the
absolute extension flexibility of the trunk. To comply with the criterion-related validity, the
outcome measure of this test predicts future absolute extension flexibility of the trunk. Another
criterion for the criterion-related validity is that the distance between the head and the mat
should be comparable to the outcome measure of the golden standard. The trunk-lift test
complies with the construct-validity, when it measured the underlying mechanisms of the
absolute extension flexibility of the trunk. For example the movement and motor control
impairments as underlying mechanisms (2,3,8).
1.2 The scores of the different tests may or may not be interrelated, depending on the
underlying constructs they purport to measure. Formulate hypotheses about the relationships,
if any, you expect between the tests. Three hypotheses have to be formulated, one for each
combination of tests: test 1 with test 2, test 1 with test 3, and test 2 with test 3.
The relationship between the 6-minute walk test and the chair sit-and-reach test wil be
moderate. The relationship is positive, meaning better performance ability (larger distance
walked) wil mean a greater flexibility of the hamstring and the lower-back (higher positive
outcome) and vise versa. This is because people with a better endurance level, are fitter and
use their muscles more often. People with a better physical fitness often also have better
flexibility because they use their muscles regularly.
The relationship between the 6-minute walk test and the trunk lift test wil be moderate. This
relationship is a positive one, better performance ability wil mean better flexibility and the
other way around. This is because people with a better performance ability are more active
and use their muscles often which leads to a higher flexibility.
The relationship between the chair sit-and-reach test and the trunk lift test is a strong positive
relationship. Both tests measure flexibility of the lower body.
1.3 Calculate correlations (Pearson’s r) between tests for al possible test combinations. You
need to calculate two sets of between-test correlations, one for every rater. For a particular
combination of two tests,
this means one correlation
coefficient for the two tests
performed by rater 1 and
one correlation coefficient
for the two tests performed
by rater 2. So, you wil have
6 correlation coefficients, 3
per rater.
Test 1: 6-minute walk test
(MWT)
Test 2: chair sit-and-reach
test (CRS)
Test 3: trunk lift test (TLT) r1: rater 1
r2: rater 2
1.4 What do the correlations between the different tests tell you with regard to the validity of
these tests? That is, have your hypotheses from 3.2 been confirmed or not, and what does
that mean?
• The value of the Pearson correlation between the 6-minute walk test rater 1 and chair
sit-and-reach test rater 1 is -0,399. This indicates a reasonable negative relationship
between the two tests, which means that if the outcomes of the 6-minute walk test
increase, the results of chair sit-and-reach test wil decrease. This is about -0.3, which
means a medium negative effect.
• The value of the Pearson correlation between the 6-minute walk test rater 2 and chair
sit-and-reach test rater 2 is -0.344. This indicates a reasonable negative relationship
between the two tests, which means that if the outcomes of the 6-minute walk test
increase, the results of chair sit-and-reach test wil decrease. This is about -0.3, which
means a medium negative effect.
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