BGZ2025 Use It or Lose It summary case 7 up to and including case 11
Extensive summary of case 7 up to and including case 11with additional
comments from the tutor included. The original document was too large to
upload on Stuvia, so this is part 2 of BGZ2025 from the cases
PROBLEM 7: START … TO RUN! Problem statement:
What adaptations occur in the body after endurance training?
Brainstorm:
Tidal volume increases
Changes in heart caused by training
o Stroke volume increases
o Heart rate recovery time decreases
SDH graph
o After months of training, increase increase in citric acid cycle increase aerobic
energy system
o SDH: enzyme, in the graph its activity increases why/how?
Body requires more energy response to this higher demand
Increase in mitochondria more enzyme
Because of the training
Physiological principles of a well-underpinned endurance training program
o 3 training sessions per week with gradual y increased workload
o Frequency 3x a week
o Intensity
o Time
o Type running
o Volume
Learning goals
1. What is endurance training and what are the different programs/recommendations?
2. What are the adaptations of the cardiac system to endurance training?
3. What are the adaptations of the respiratory system to endurance training?
4. What are the adaptations of the muscles to endurance training?
1. What is endurance training and what are the different programs/recommendations?
Tabel 7.5
Endurance is a term that refers to two separate but related concepts: muscular
endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance. Each makes a unique contribution to
athletic performance, and each differs in its importance to different athletes. For
sprinters, endurance is the quality that al ows them to sustain a high speed over the ful
distance of, for example, a 100 m or 200 m dash. This component of fitness is termed
muscular endurance, the ability of a single muscle or muscle group to maintain high-
intensity, repetitive, or static contractions. This type of endurance is also exemplified by
a weightlifter doing multiple repetitions, a boxer, or a wrestler. The exercise or activity
can be rhythmic and repetitive in nature, such as multiple repetitions of the bench
press for the weightlifter and jabbing for the boxer. Or the activity can be more static,
such as a sustained muscle action when a wrestler attempts to pin an opponent. In
either case, the resulting fatigue is confined to a specific muscle group, and the
activity’s duration is usual y no more than 1 or 2 min. Muscular endurance is highly
related to muscular strength and to anaerobic power development.
o While muscular endurance is specific to individual muscles or muscle groups,
cardiorespiratory endurance relates to the ability to sustain prolonged,
dynamic whole-body exercise using large muscle groups. Cardiorespiratory
endurance is related to the development of the cardiovascular and respiratory
systems’ ability to maintain oxygen delivery to working muscles during
prolonged exercise, as well as the muscles’ ability to use energy aerobical y
(discussed in chapters 2 and 5). This is why the terms cardiorespiratory
endurance and aerobic endurance are sometimes used synonymously.
During a single bout of aerobic exercise, the human body precisely adjusts its
cardiovascular and respiratory function to meet the energy and oxygen demands of
actively contracting muscle. When these systems are chal enged repeatedly, as
happens with regular exercise training, they adapt in ways that al ow the body to
improve O2max and overal endurance performance. Aerobic training, or
cardiorespiratory endurance training, improves cardiac function and peripheral blood
flow and enhances the capacity of the muscle fibers to generate greater amounts of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In this chapter, we examine adaptations in
cardiovascular and respiratory function in response to endurance training and how
such adaptations improve an athlete’s endurance capacity and performance.
Additional y, we examine adaptations to anaerobic training. Anaerobic training
improves anaerobic metabolism; short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity;
tolerance for acid–base imbalances; and in some cases, muscle strength. Both
aerobic and anaerobic training induce a variety of adaptations that benefit exercise
and sport performance.
Training programs for many nonendurance athletes often ignore the aerobic
endurance component. This is understandable, because for maximum improvement in
performance, training should be highly specific to the particular sport or activity in
which the athlete participates, and endurance is frequently not recognized as
important to nonendurance activities.
2. What are the adaptations of the cardiac system to endurance training?
Endurance…
o Cardiorespiratory endurance (it forgets about the muscle itself only about the
lungs and heart you should also include skeletal muscle endurance capacity
because there you should be able to use all the oxygen in order to continuously
resynthesize ATP using those large muscle groups)
-The entire body’s ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle
groups
-The ability of the lungs to take in oxygen and the ability of the heart to transport
oxygen
o Muscular endurance
-The ability of a single muscle or muscle group to sustain high-intensity repetitive or
static exercise continuously perform contractile movements
-Aerobic capacity: the ability of the skeletal muscle to use the oxygen transported
by the blood (combination of heart and lungs) shows how well a muscle is
capable of utilizing the oxygen
Cardiovascular adaptations
Heart size
o Left ventricle changes significantly in response to endurance training
o Internal dimensions/internal volume of left ventricle increase as an adaptation
to an increase in ventricular filling (volume overload) secondary to an increase
in plasma volume and an increase in diastolic filling time (time that heart can
fil with blood wil be higher due to a reduce in heart rate in the longer time
there is more blood that can enter the heart increase in EDV).
o Left ventricular wal thickness and mass increase, al owing for greater
contractility (of the left ventricle) because there is an
increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise heart must
pump against the higher afterload during exercise. If you do
chronic exercise the heart gets used to pump against a higher
afterload it adapts to that by increasing its thickness of the
wal /becoming more muscular
o This is the stroke volume (SV) of the heart, pre-training in the
similar individual and post-training and you see both similar
treadmil tests. You see that around 60% of someone’s VO2max
that the stroke volume is leveling off it is not decreasing because a decrease
in stroke volume is a very bad sign, mostly it means pump failing of the heart so
that’s not good. The difference is that at rest and during submaximal exercise
intensities you see that a person has higher stroke volumes. The red line is after
the training higher stroke volumes. So that basical y means: changes in heart
size as a response to chronic endurance training. If cardiac output wil remain
the same and stroke volume increases heart rate at each exercise intensity
submaximal should be lower in the trained status.
As an adaptation to the increased work demand, cardiac muscle mass and
ventricular volume increase with training. Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle,
undergoes morphological adaptations as a result of chronic endurance training. At
one time, cardiac hypertrophy induced by exercise—“athlete’s heart,” as it was
cal ed—was viewed with concern because experts incorrectly believed that
enlargement of the heart always reflected a pathological state, as sometimes occurs
with severe hypertension. Training-induced cardiac hypertrophy, on the other hand, is
now recognized as a normal adaptation to chronic endurance training. The left
ventricle, as discussed in chapter 6, does the most work and thus undergoes the
greatest adaptation in response to endurance training. The type of ventricular
adaptation depends on the type of exercise training performed. For example, during
resistance training, the left ventricle must contract against increased afterload from
the systemic circulation. From chapter 8 we learned that blood pressure during
resistance exercise can exceed 480/350 mmHg. This presents a considerable resistance
that must be overcome by the left ventricle. To overcome this high afterload, the heart
muscle compensates by increasing left ventricular wal thickness, thereby increasing its
contractility. Thus, the increase in its muscle mass is in direct response to repeated
exposure to the increased afterload with resistance training. However, there is little
change in ventricular volume. With endurance training, left ventricular chamber size
increases. This allows for increased left ventricular fil ing and consequently an increase
in stroke volume. The increase in left ventricular dimensions is largely attributable to a
training-induced increase in plasma volume (discussed later in this chapter) that
increases left ventricular enddiastolic volume (increased preload). In concert with this,
a decrease in heart rate at rest caused by increased parasympathetic tone, and
during exercise at the same rate of work, al ows a longer diastolic fil ing period. The
increases in plasma volume and diastolic fil ing time increase left ventricular chamber
size at the end of diastole. This effect of endurance training on the left ventricle is often
cal ed a volume loading effect.
With endurance training, the internal dimensions of the left ventricle increase, mostly in
response to an increase in ventricular fil ing secondary to an increase in plasma
volume. Left ventricular wal thickness and mass also increase with endurance training,
al owing for a greater force of contraction.
SVs for different states of training
o You see here differences in stroke volume at rest and at maximal exercise
between untrained people, trained people
and more elite athletes.
o You immediately see that from the untrained
to the highly trained that there is almost a
double left ventricular stroke volume
SV changes with endurance training
o Endurance training increases SV at rest and
during submaximal exercise and maximal exercise
o Increases in end-diastolic volume, causes by an increase in blood plasma and
greater diastolic filling time (lower heart rate), contribute to increased SV
o Increased ventricular fil ing (preload) leads to greater
contractility (Frank-Starling mechanism)
o At rest and during submaximal absolute exercise intensities we
also see relatively to untrained status a reduced systemic
vascular resistance (afterload) that also contributes to a
higher stroke volume (SV) compared to the untrained state.
SV changes: cardiac cycle
o Increased preload
o Reduced afterload
o This is the cardiac cycle this is how SV is
determined by the heart. It shows preload,
afterload. Condition 1 is the untrained status,
condition 2 is the trained status.
o Preload increases (EDV due to increase in
fil ing time there is more time that blood can
enter the heart higher preload)
o The afterload is a bit reduced the aortic
valve opens a little bit more early than the
untrained status increased stroke volume
o Mitral valve opens in the diastole blood from left atrium enters the left
ventricle up to the right. Right begins your systole fase, where contraction
begins. The pressure is build up in the chamber and by the pressure building up
the mitral valve is closed, because there is a pressure development. And then
the pressure increases up to the point where the pressure in the chamber
equals the pressure in the aorta aortic valve opens and blood can be
squeezed out of the heart. The earlier the aortic valve opens the longer it is
open during the systolic fase increased stroke volume. And due to the
increased fil ing time you see that EDV is higher
o Stroke volume at rest is substantial y higher after an endurance training
program than it is before training. This endurance training–induced increase is
also seen at a given submaximal exercise intensity and at maximal exercise.
This increase is illustrated in figure 11.3, which shows the changes in stroke
volume of a subject who exercised at increasing intensities up to a maximal
intensity before and after a 6-month endurance training program. Typical
values for stroke volume at rest and during maximal exercise in untrained,
trained, and highly trained athletes are listed in table 11.1. The wide range of
stroke volume values for any given cell within this table is largely attributable to
differences in body size. Larger people typical y have larger hearts and a
Document Outline
1.1 Subcategories
1.1.1 Content validity
1.1.2 Construct validity
1.1.3 Criterion validity ( ‘golden standard validity’
2.1 Subcategories
2.1.1 Inter-rater
2.1.2 Intra-rater
2.1.3 Test-retest
3.1 Subcategories
Part B
3.1 Pedometry
3.2 Accelerometry (three different types: uniaxal, biaxal, triaxal)
3.3 Doubly-labelled water method
3.4 Calorimetry
3.5 The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE)
3.6 The Baecke questionnaire
3.7 The Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-enhancing physical activity (SQUASH)
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