English Sentence Analysis: An introductory course by Marjolijn Verspoor and Kim Sauter Chapter 1
Sentences: Communicative functions and typical patterns
SENTENCE PATTERN
ZIN (NL)
EXAMPLE
DECLARATIVE
Verklarend
John is leaving
INTERROGATIVE
Vragend
Is John leaving?
IMPERATIVE
Gebiedende wijs
Leave!
EXCLAMATORY
Uitroepend
How awful John is leaving!
FUNCTION + ABBREVIATION
FUNCTIE (NL)
ROLE
SUBJECT (S)
Onderwerp
First participant
PREDICATOR (P)
Werkwoord
Process
SUBJECT ATTRIBUTE (SA)
Onderwerpkenmerk
About first participant
DIRECT OBJECT (DO)
Lijdend voorwerp
Second participant
OBJECT ATTRIBUTE (OA)
Lijdend voorwerp kenmerk
About second participant
INDIRECT/BENEFACTIVE
Meewerkend voorwerp
Third participant / receiver
OBJECT (IO/BO) *
ADVERBIAL (A)
Bijwoordelijke bepaling
The setting
* Indirect: actually getting it
Benefactive: not actually getting it IO/BO -> not always physically present in the sentence.
SENTENCE PATTERN
STRUCTURE
VERB
RUNNING PATTERN
S – P – (A)
Intransitive
BEING PATTERN
S – P – SA
Copula
DOING/SEEING PATTERN *
S – P – DO
Monotransitive
GIVING/BUYING PATTERN **
S – P – IO – DO
Ditransitive
MAKING/CONSIDERING
S – P – DO – OA
Complex-transitive
PATTERN ***
* Doing: actually doing it
Seeing: express (mental) experience
** Giving: having it (IO)
Buying: not having it (BO)
*** Making: doing something
Considering: in the subject’s mind Chapter 2
Sentences: Simple, compound, complex CLAUSES – independent/main: stand on their own or connected with a coordinate/correlative
conjunction or separated by a semi-colon (;).
– dependent/subordinate: function as a (part of a) clause constituent and are introduced by
subordinators (does not form a complete sentence by itself).
SENTENCE TYPE
STRUCTURE
SIMPLE SENTENCE
One main clause
COMPOUND SENTENCE
Two or more main clauses
COMPLEX SENTENCE
At least one dependent clause
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
Main clauses and dependent clauses
COORDINATE CONJUNCTION: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION: both … and, not only … but also, either … or, neither … nor.
SUBORDINATOR: because, although, if, who, where, when, that. Chapter 3
Verbs I CONSTITUENTS (zinsdeel): subject (S), predicator (P), complement (DO, IO, BO, SA, OA), adverbial (A).
VERB PHRASE (VP)
PREDICATOR
SIMPLE
One word
COMPLEX
Two-five words
KIND OF VERB
MEANING
LEXICAL (MAIN) VERB
Names the process taking place
AUXILIARY (HELPING) VERB *
In front of the lexical verb, help indicate when
the process takes place.
* Auxiliary verb has sub-types.
VERB FORM
MEANING
FINITE (TENSED) VERB *
The verb that is limited in tense, person, and
number; different forms for different subject +
difference in tense.
NON-FINITE
The forms that are not finite. There are four
non-finite forms.
* Can be changed from present to past or the third person from singular to plural and vice versa.
NON-FINITE FORM
STRUCTURE
PLAIN INFINITIVE
Plain form of the verb
TO INFINITIVE
To + plain form of the verb
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Ends in -ing: -ing form
PAST PARTICIPLE
Ends in -ed or irregular: -ed form
AUXILIARY VERB TYPE
STRUCTURE
TENSE
PROGRESSIVE BE + PRESENT
Be + -ing form
Progressive tense
PARTICIPLE
(present/past)
PERFECT HAVE + PAST
Have + -ed form
Perfect tense
PARTICIPLE
(present/past)
PASSIVE BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Be (or get) + -ed form
Passive voice/sentence
DO FOR QUESTIONS, NEGATION
Do to form a question, negate or Interrogative, negative,
AND EMPHASIS
emphasize an action
emphatic
ORDER AUXILIARY VERBS: modal auxiliary – perfect have – progressive be – passive be (- lexical verb)